![]() If you are still having trouble displaying content on Chrome try switching to another browser, such as Firefox:Īnother workaround would be to select an interactive PDF document, if one is offered, for example at Taylor & Francis Online, so that the PDF loads with an option to download at the top. To read ebook content, for example, you should deselect this setting (as shown below) to be able to read the ebook content inside the browser's frame (see screenshot below). Select or deselect the check box labelled "Open PDF files in the default PDF viewer application"Ħ.Scroll down to the bottom to "PDF Documents".A pop-up labeled "Content Settings." will open.Type or paste chrome://settings/content into address bar.If you encounter an error, "failed to load PDF document", when you click on a “standard access” PDF link in Chrome, then you can fix the problem by disabling the built-in PDF plugin as follows: The screenshot at the top of the article uses the WebEngine-based article viewer (using an AppImage binary).Chrome users may find PDF content loads inside a frame without downloading. The web-based variant includes an ad blocker which supports lists in the AdBlock-Plus format, as well as element hiding rules and site-wide blocking.Īs far as the Linux packages go, the RSS Guard developer provides AppImage binaries for both of these variants (with the package having "nowebengine" in its name offering the lite version with simple text-based message viewer), while the Flatpak package uses the simple text-based message viewer. A web-based variant with WebEngine-based bundled message viewer that loads the articles using their original formatting and layout (this uses more RAM), and a lite package that uses a simple text-based message viewer. And to easily edit and convert your PDFs into file formats like Excel and Word, try out PDF editor and converter Acrobat Pro DC. ![]() It's also worth noting that RSS Guard includes a Gmail plugin which allows users to send and receive email messages. View, sign, collaborate on and annotate PDF files with our free Acrobat Reader software. 1 Google Reader grew in popularity to support a number of programs which used it as a platform for serving news and information to users. It was created in early 2005 by Google engineer Chris Wetherell and launched on October 7, 2005, through Google Labs. You might also like: Desktop RSS Feed Reader NewsFlash 1.2.0 Adds Support for NewsBlur, More Google Reader was an RSS/Atom feed aggregator operated by Google. application-wide and account-specific network proxies support.The Google Reader app syncs across all your devices, so your reading lists are always up to date. Follow your favorite sites, blogs, and more, all in one place. "portable" mode support with clever auto-detection Google Reader has an APK download size of 1.75 MB and the latest version available is 1.1.8.enhanced feed auto-updating with separate time intervals.downloader with own tab and support for up to 6 parallel downloads.ability to hide list of feeds/categories.fully skinable user interface + ability to create your own skins (by default it includes a light and dark skin).able to show unread feeds/messages only.support for scraping websites which do not offer RSS/ATOM feeds and other related advanced features. ![]() RSS Guard is feature-packed, also including things like: Most, like Google Wave and Google Buzz, struggled to carve out a place in this harsh, unforgiving world where. We launched Google Reader in 2005 in an effort to make it easy for people to discover and keep tabs on their favorite websites. Some, like Google Reader, lived long, prosperous lives, full of admiration and glory. The user interface is highly customizable, allowing users to hide various elements, add or remove buttons to/from the toolbar, and even use a vertical or horizontal layout (with the latter being great for ultrawide screens). Google Cloud Connect is a plug-in to help people work in the cloud by automatically saving Microsoft Office files from Windows PCs in Google Drive. Besides syncing with the online services mentioned above via plugins, RSS Guard can also add feeds locally, with support for importing and exporting feeds to/from OPML 2.0. The application supports RSS / RDF / ATOM / JSON feed formats, as well as podcasts using RSS / ATOM / JSON. The application can synchronize with services like Tiny Tiny RSS, Inoreader, Nextcloud News, and with the latest 3.9.0 version released today, Feedly and services supporting the Google Reader API (The Old Reader, Bazqux, Reedah, FreshRSS, etc.). RSS Guard is a free and open source Qt RSS feed reader for Microsoft Windows, Linux and macOS. ![]()
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![]() ![]() Chamomile tea is well-known for its calming properties and is often used as a sleep aid. If you’re looking for a soothing and caffeine-free alternative to coffee, chamomile tea is a great choice to help you unwind and find inner peace. Dandelion root tea is a caffeine-free herbal tea alternative to coffee that detoxifies, supports liver health, aids digestion, and boosts the immune system.Lemon balm tea is a caffeine-free alternative to coffee that promotes calmness, eases digestive discomfort, and reduces nausea.Chamomile tea can soothe and calm an upset stomach.Peppermint tea can relax stomach muscles and reduce bloating.So, if you’re looking to reduce your caffeine intake or simply explore new and delicious options, these caffeine-free herbal teas are excellent alternatives to coffee. These herbal teas, along with others like ginger tea, lemon balm tea, dandelion root tea, and licorice root tea, offer an array of flavors and health benefits without the caffeine. Rooibos tea offers a smooth and slightly sweet taste, while hibiscus tea provides a tangy and tart flavor profile. Or perhaps you prefer the refreshing zing of peppermint tea, with its invigorating menthol flavor that awakens your taste buds. Imagine waking up to a steaming cup of chamomile tea, its delicate floral notes soothing your senses and gently preparing you for the day ahead. Can these herbal teas be enjoyed hot or cold?. ![]() Are these herbal teas effective in reducing stress and promoting relaxation?.Do these herbal teas have any potential side effects or interactions with medications?.Can these herbal teas help with digestive issues such as bloating or indigestion?.Are these herbal teas safe to consume during pregnancy or while breastfeeding?.Sustainable and Ethical Coffee Sourcing.Frequently asked questions about coffee. ![]() ![]() ![]() These are some of the reasons why Origin is not running on your device and why users need to uninstall it. You need to delete these files to run the origin properly. Impaired files of the origin- with the progression of origin source, it creates the temporary files to sharpen the access but sometimes these files corrupted and this caused the client to stop responding.Or ifin core issue- some problems exist to the core files of the client source.Cache corrupt- the stored caches corrupt, this can affect the origin issue to occur.Sometimes the origin source stops to respond directly, while it is being updated. Updater source- Possibilities that there is an error occur between the Origin source.Here's the reason why you can’t launch or Open the Origin on your Mac. This can cause damage or bug your computer. There are times that the application is running but it only appears in the task manager of the device. However, users state that they run Origin to play and open a game but Origin doesn’t respond and can’t open. So you can use your cards to pay for a game for your device. All these have a digital diffusion program known as the Origin Store. You can also play multiple games like FIFA and the battlefield. You can play all these games as long as you have the access as a Premier subscriber. The access through the premier of Origin catches you with everything it has to offer and the infinite games of EA certificates. The basic subscription enables you to play the full version of the vault, the collection of 100+ games, and the updating EA title games. Origin is an online game program that users used to play games like Need for speed, mutant year zero, and more. How Do I Completely Uninstall Origin on Mac Automatically? Deel 4. ![]() How Do I Uninstall and Reinstall Origin on Mac? Part 3. Why Isn't Origin Working on My Mac? Part 2. If you will notice some other applications files are usually installed and opraken van de ruimte van uw systeem, and that file is added to the list from the programs and features on your device. And if you remove the origin on your device without completely uninstalling its related files, it may cause you problems. If you have installed origin on your Mac, you cannot remove it that easily for some reason. With that data you do whatever you need to on a front end perspective.If you are wondering how you can uninstall an application easily, especially you’re in need to remove the origin on your Mac device to repair some issue of your device, well you must read this article for you to completely learn how to uninstall origin on Mac.
![]() Pour the egg mixture over the tater tots.Arrange the tater tots in a single layer in the prepared baking dish.How To Make Tater Tot Breakfast Casserole Cook on high for 2-3 hours, or on low for 4-5. Cook in a crockpot. Follow the recipe instructions as listed below, but combine them in your slow cooker instead of a casserole dish.How About Jack: Switch the Monterey jack to pepper jack to spice things up.Just The Whites: Use egg whites instead of whole eggs.I love serving this dish with a moist blueberry coffee cake (seriously off the charts, delish!!) or sweet tangy lemon poppy seed muffins, strawberry scones, double-glazed pumpkin scones, maple pecan scones with molasses glaze, or my own personal favorites, Bo Berry biscuit. For brunch with extended family of friends, it pairs really well with a sweet bread item for a dynamic duo that’ll have them eating long after they’re full. If you’re serving it for breakfast for the family, just a glass of orange juice and you have a perfect Sunday morning family breakfast. ![]() This is a one dish complete meal and makes the perfect “Brinner” with a light green salad.
![]() ![]() NET Framework 3.5.Ī 64-bit version is available (within the folder). Include Greenfish Image Converter (for processing TIFF and SVG files), which requires. The program opens and saves in ICO, CUR, ANI, PNG, XPM, BMP, JPEG, WebP and TGA formats and creates icons and cursors up to 256x256 32-bit, which can also be PNG-compressed for use in Vista and above. Offers various gradient styles for filling shapes, and includes many filters such as remove matte, drop shadow, inner/outer glow and bevel etc. Can extract icons and cursors from executable files and icon libraries, batch convert image files to icons or other image formats and supports advanced selection handling (marquee, lasso and wand tools, saving/loading selections from files). Greenfish Icon Editor Pro is a tool for creating icons, animated or static cursors and other small images. Scan only messages with the following 'To' strings - You can now also specify email addresses.Scan only messages with the following 'From' strings - You can now also specify email addresses (In previous versions, the filter worked only with the sender name).Category:ĭownload the ZIP package and extract to a folder of your choice. A list of the contents can also be exported to XML, HTML, CSV or text file.įunctional with PST files that are not in your profile.Ī 64-bit version (only for use with Outlook 2010 64-bit) is available. You can easily select one or more attachments and save all of them into the desired folder, as well as delete unwanted large attachments that take too much disk space in your mailbox. OutlookAttachView scans all messages stored in your Outlook profile and displays the list of all attached files that it finds. Select "Portable installation" and choose the destination folder.Requires manual entry of relative path (eg.\.\personal\work.doc) Windows XP and Vista users, download last version from 1.5 series. Windows 2000 users can download the last compatible version: 0.9.4. Can even fix some MP3s with corrupted file headers. A file format conversion tool is available, but must be enabled with external downloads. ![]() The program can edit song tags (album and song name, number, year etc.) based on the FreeDB Internet database and even rename the original songs based on these tags. Additional functionality available via a wide variety of plugins. Playlist display and keyboard shortcuts are both very customisable. It includes CD ripping, format conversion, replay gain, audio normalization, equalization and more. Open Settings.xaml in a text editor and enter the following:įoobar2000 is an audio player with low memory footprint and native support for most popular audio formats.Create an empty file in the same folder and rename it to Settings.xaml.Download the "Portable" ZIP package and extract to a folder of your choice.NET 6.0 Runtime (if installing the Light version) The editor can also modify existing GIFs and includes resize, crop, flip/rotate, captions, progress bars, borders, watermarks, transitions and more. You can control frame-rate, snap the recorder to a window, add text/objects, and denote mouse-clicks and key-presses. The program is customizable, includes hotkeys and recordings can be edited and saved to animated GIF, APNG or video formats. ScreenToGif is a feature-rich recording program for screen, webcam and whiteboard. Updated the internal IP location database.In order to use these files, simply download the desired files and put them in the same folder of CountryTraceRoute.exe with their original filename (For example: asn-country-ipv4.csv, asn-ipv4.csv).You can use all 3 types of CSV files: Country, City, and ASN.Added support for using the IP-Location files from.To the same folder to keep an up to date database to the one contained in the exe. City-Blocks-IPv4.csv, GeoLite2-City-Locations-en.csv and GeoLite2-ASN-Blocks-IPv4.csv.Optionally, download and extract the latest: Win2K / WinXP / Vista / Win7 / Win8 / Win10ĭownload the ZIP package and extract to a folder of your choice. CountryTraceRoute also displays the country of the owner of every IP address found in the traceroute, and ASN Network Carrier information per hop.Īfter the traceroute is completed, you can select all items (Ctrl+A) and then save them into csv/tab-delimited/html/xml file with 'Save Selected Items' option (Ctrl+S) or copy them to the clipboard (Ctrl+C) and then paste the result into Excel or other spreadsheet application. The program is similar to the command-line tracert but much faster. CountryTraceRoute helps to diagnose the path and delay of information across the internet. ![]() ![]() Mapique Perspective - will present the current folder in the Mapique perspective.Gallery Perspective - will present the current folder in the Gallery perspective.List Perspective - will present the current folder in the List perspective.Grid Perspective - will present the current folder in the Grid perspective.Import macOS tags - This option is visible only on the native macOS app, selecting it will to extract native macOS tags and them as TagSpaces tags.Add Files - Opens a file chooser where you can select a file from your local files system, which will be added to your current folder in TagSpaces.New Subfolder - Opens the folder create dialog, where you can create a new subfolder.New File - Opens the dialog for creating new files or notes.Show in File Manager - Opens the folder in the default file manager of the operating system.Delete Folder - Opens a dialog where you can confirm the deletion of the folder.Rename Folder - Opens a dialog where you can rename the current folder.Reload Folder - Reloads the content of the current folder.The menu for the current folder contains the following items: If you are in a cloud based location, the icon of the button of the folder in (5) will be a cloud, in other cases the icon will be a briefcase. (7) - Here you can switch perspective of the current folder.(6) - Shows the name of the current folder, clicking on it will open the folder menu.A click on a folder button, will navigate to it. (5) - Shows the all the parent folders as button up the location root folder.(3) - Reverts the navigation step of the back button.(2) - Navigates back to the last opened file, folder or location, this feature is still in beta status.To learn more about the all file browsing features, navigate to the perspective section. This is where all files from the currently active folder are displayed, either as a list, grid, or kanban board, depending on the active perspective. The file browsing area normally takes up he majority of the user interface. (5) Help & feedback - here you can access the application help, suggest a feature or contact us.(4) Quick Access - here you will find stored searches, bookmarks and lists of recently used files and folders.(3) Tag Library - the library contains all your tags organized in tag groups. ![]() (2) Location Manager - this is the place for managing your locations. ![]() The with the four so called radio buttons in the middle, you can switch between the following areas in main part of the drawer: If you are using the TagSpaces Enterprise product this button will be exchanged with a button, which will open the properties of the currently logged user. With the button (6) at the most right you can switch between the light and dark themes of the app. The button with the gear icon (1) located at the left will open the app settings. The second button "New Window" will open a new TagSpaces window or tab. The first one called Create will open a dialog where you can create files in TagSpaces. Right beneath the logo you find a bar containing two buttons. Clicking on the app logo will open the About dialog of the app, where you can find details about the licensing or check for new app versions. The one located at the top shows the logo of the app and its current version. The main drawer of the app is divided in three sub areas. (6) File Preview - In this area you can preview and/or edit the current file.(5) File / Folder properties - Here you will find the properties of the currently opened file or folder.(4) Common actions area - Here you can access common actions for the currently opened file or folder. ![]()
![]() ![]() 'What would you like to see on PC? What would you like to be implemented differently? Please share your opinions with us!'”įor now, at least, AoE2 controller support will remain on Xbox, as Liu and his team “currently have no plan to integrate controller support or console-specific features and changes into the PC version.” Perhaps this is for the best, as the AI automation radically changes the flow of the game, and it’s hard to imagine competitive parity between controller and keyboard-and-mouse players. “We would like to gather feedback from our community first. “We are very interested in feedback from our players on how our console controls stack up to PC at the highest competitive level,” Liu said. We would like to gather feedback from our community first." Alex Liu, Design Director on AoE2 “We are very interested in feedback from our players on how our console controls stack up to PC at the highest competitive level. ![]() But that doesn’t really account for high-level multiplayer, which is something that the team will need players’ help to refine. To address this issue, Liu’s team added a “Story” difficulty setting to the campaign mode, which should let players complete most of the missions at a more relaxed pace. ![]() “Ultimately, our team felt that cursor-driven gameplay fundamentally does not feel native on controllers.” Another solution? Difficulty scaling One of our earliest prototypes was very similar to that game,” Liu said. “ Age of Kings on PS2, while playable, relied heavily on use of the cursor, just like the PC version. And we already know that doesn’t work, courtesy of the PS2 port of Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings. It's worth noting, however, that if the team didn’t overhaul the controls from scratch, its only alternative would have been to simply treat the controller like a mouse, letting a single cursor do most of the work. As far as I can tell, both sides are correct. Another viewpoint holds that automation bypasses an important part of the game, and could make new players too reliant on the computer’s decisions. One argument states that automation lowers the barrier of entry for new players, and makes console play feasible in the first place. With AI handling villager micromanagement, players can focus much more on the “macro” levels of the game - technological research, base layout, military strategies and so forth.ĪoE2 players on Reddit seem split about the move. It’s difficult to overstate just how much this small tweak changes the overall flow of AoE2. ![]() “Our many console-exclusive features, such as new shortcuts and new AI automation, were specifically designed to lower the barrier-of-entry for play and to reduce the APM (actions per minute) required for expert play,” Liu told Tom’s Guide. Likewise, the game will automatically assign villagers to construct buildings, and send them back to gathering when they’re done. As such, AoE2 on Xbox lets you simply select your desired breakdown of resources, and automatically allocates each new villager appropriately. However, that would be a tremendous pain to manage with a controller. "Our many console-exclusive features, such as new shortcuts and new AI automation, were specifically designed to lower the barrier-of-entry for play and to reduce the APM (actions per minute) required for expert play." Alex Liu, Design Director on AoE2 Manually assigning villagers to gather resources, as well as pulling them aside to construct or repair buildings, is a vital part of learning the game’s flow and strategy. The type of resources you need most over the course of a game varies tremendously, from food and wood in the early stages, to gold and stone later on. One of the biggest challenges that players face is how to allocate their villagers. What does is the AI automation that Liu discussed - and that’s easily the most controversial part of the game’s controller support. But Liu is correct that these enhancements, by themselves, don’t really make the game playable. The minimap even expands so that players can scroll across it quickly. You can construct buildings by selecting a patch of empty ground, or a nearby resource. AoE2 lets players select multiple units by holding down a button to increase the cursor size, or using a hotkey to select similar units (villagers, soldiers, livestock, etc.). In practice, the results are respectable, albeit imperfect. We also needed to create a new set of features, including AI automation, to fundamentally alleviate the need of repetitive unit selection in the first place.” We tuned the crosshair movements, added magnetism, and created new button shortcuts for common selection commands. “Solving this required a combination of efforts across many areas. “Unit selection has always been the most difficult area to adapt to controllers, as the analog sticks lack the speed and precision of a mouse,” said Liu. ![]() ![]() Larson RG (1998) The structure and rheology of complex fluids. Kulicke WM, Wallbaum U (1985) Determination of first and second normal stress differences in polymer solutions in steady shear flow and limitations caused by flow irregularities. Kroger M (2004) Simple models for complex non-equilibrium fluids. Jones DM, Walters K, Williams PR (1987) On the extensional viscosity of mobile polymer solutions. Ibarz A, Barbosa-Canovas GV (2003) Unit operations in food engineering. Houska M (1981) PhD thesis, Czech Technical University, Prague Han CD (2007) Rheology and processing of polymeric materials. Graessley WW (2004) Polymer liquids and networks: structure and properties. Govier GW, Aziz K (1977) The flow of complex mixtures in pipes. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge Goodwin JW, Hughes RW (2008) Rheology for chemists: an introduction. In: recent developments in structured continua, Longman, London Goddard JD,Bashir YM (1990) On Reynolds dilatancy. J Rheol 49:1213–1230ĭullaert K, Mewis J (2006) A structural kinetic model for thixotropy. J Colloid Sci 20:417–437ĭullaert K, Mewis J (2005) Thixotropy: Build-up and breakdown curves during flow. Wiley, New YorkĬross MM (1965) Rheology of non-Newtonian fluids: a new flow equation for pseudoplastic systems. Butterworth-Heinemann, OxfordĬoussot P (2005) Rheometry of pastes, suspensions and granular materials. CRC, FLĬhhabra RP, Richardson JF (2008) Non-Newtonian flow and applied rheology. J Pipelines 7:251–264Ĭhhabra RP (2006) Bubbles, drops and particles in non-Newtonian fluids. Hanser, MunichĬawkwell MG, Charles ME (1989) Characterization of Canadian arctic thixotropic gelled crude oils utilizing an eight-parameter model. AIChEJ 36:321–332Ĭarreau PJ, De Kee D, Chhabra RP (1997) Rheology of polymeric systems. Wiley, New Yorkīoersma WH, Laven J, Stein HN (1990) Shear thickening (dilatancy) in concentrated suspensions. Rev Chem Eng 1:1–83īird RB, Armstrong RC, Hassager O (1987) Dynamics of polymeric liquids. Elsevier, Amsterdamīird RB, Dai GC, Yarusso BJ (1983) The rheology and flow of viscoplastic materials. J Non-Newt Fluid Mech 70:1–33īarnes HA (1999) The yield stress – a review or παντα ρει everything flows? J Non-Newt Fluid Mech 81:133–178īarnes HA, Walters K (1985) The yield stress myth? Rheol Acta 24:323–326īarnes HA, Hutton JF, Walters K (1989) An introduction to rheology. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.īarnes HA (1989) Review of shear-thickening (dilatancy) in suspensions of non-aggregating solid particles dispersed in Newtonian liquids. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Finally, we touch upon the ultimate question about the role of non-Newtonian characteristics on the analysis and modelling of the processes of pragmatic engineering significance. ![]() This is followed by a short discussion on how to engineer non-Newtonian flow characteristics of a product for its satisfactory end use by manipulating its microstructure by controlling physico-chemical aspects of the system. ![]() Each type of non-Newtonian fluid behaviour has been illustrated via experimental data on real materials. Representative examples of materials (foams, suspensions, polymer solutions and melts), which, under appropriate circumstances, display shear-thinning, shear-thickening, visco-plastic, time-dependent and viscoelastic behaviour are presented. ![]() Starting with the definition of a non-Newtonian fluid, different types of non-Newtonian characteristics are briefly described. The objective of this chapter is to introduce and to illustrate the frequent and wide occurrence of non-Newtonian fluid behaviour in a diverse range of applications, both in nature and in technology. ![]() ![]() ![]() Aborted Arc: Early in the book, the Lion and Zabriel stumble upon the Thousand Eyes experimenting on captured space marines, and Baelor's first two point-of-view chapters mention that Seraphax has been trying to forcibly trigger the Blood Angel's Red Thirst. ![]() The form the Emperor takes in "Mirror Caliban" is a rather simple visual metaphor representative of his current state, that of a wounded ancient human king, but the Lion cannot see through it.
![]() ![]() Human food is not healthy for the animals. It conditions the animals to view people as a food source, leading to the possibility of property damage and human injury and Offering human food to elk (or any wild animal) is harmful in two ways: Also, for your safety and for the elk's safety, DO NOT FEED the animals. Large animals should be respected at all times, especially bulls and cows with calves. Do not approach or attempt to provoke them. Fortunately, Americans concerned with the survival of the elk called for regulated hunting seasons and initiated elk recovery programs.Įlk appear relatively docile, but they can be unpredictable and dangerous. As a result of over-harvest and habitat destruction, elk populations began to decline, reaching a low ofīy the 20th century, two of the six subspecies, including the Eastern elk which lived throughout the eastern United States, were extinct. ![]() Also, market demands for elk products such as hides, antlers, and "ivories" encourage the harvest of elk.Įlk habitat was lost as thousands of acres were cleared for farms and developing towns. European settlers hunted elk to provide food for their families and because they feared the elk would compete with livestock. Prior to their arrival, an estimated 10 million elk ranged across the United States. ![]() Elk thrived in North America until the first Europeans began settling the area. Elk eat an average of 3 pounds of food per day for every 100 pounds of body weight therefore, a bull elk weighing 800 pounds would eat about 24 pounds of forage each day. Bark, pine needles, and tree lichens are also eaten in smaller quantities. Their diet includes grasses, tree leaves, twigs, and shrubs. During other seasons, males can be found alone or in small bachelor groups.Įlk can live in a variety of habitats, including forests, meadows, and mountains. ( A recording of a bugling elk) The rut is characterized by harems, which are groups of cows and calves, controlled by a dominant bull. This is typically a good time to see and hear elk. Cows and calves live in groups, but are generally only accompanied by bull elk during the mating season, or "rut." The rut occurs in autumn.Įlk begin "bugling"-their signature mating call-in early autumn. At birth a calf weighs about 35 pounds.Įlk form herds which offer protection against predators. A cow usually gives birth to a single calf, but on rare occasions there will be twins. Calves are hidden during the first few weeks following birth until they are able to run from predators. Cows separate from the herd and go into hiding during calving. ![]() The gestation period of elk is approximately 8.5 months, with calves born from late May through early July. The elk's molars and incisors provide the best indication of the animal's age. The "ivories" (also called tusks, whistlers, or buglers) were primarily used as decorative beads, pendants, and necklaces, and were very valuable due to their rarity. An elk's canine teeth, made of ivory, are unique and were highly prized by both Native Americans and European settlers. Teeth in elk are similar to other deer except for the presence of upper canine teeth. At this point, the velvet covering dries and falls off or is rubbed off on trees or shrubs. The blood flow to the antlers stops in August, when the antlers have reached their full size. During the summer months, antlers can grow up to one inch per day, making it the fastest growing bone known. Velvet, which covers antlers during the growth phase, carries blood to the growing bone tissue. Antlers can weigh up to 40 pounds per set. Therefore, female elk will generally select a dominant bull with large antlers. Large antlers advertise dominance and the ability to defend against predators and other bulls. Antler growth is in preparation for the mating season, which primarily occurs in September and October. Antlers, unlike the horns of bison, are shed every spring and a new set is grown. Only bulls have antlers.Īntlers play a very important role in mate selection. Female elk, known as cows, weigh between 500 and 600 pounds, and stand an average of 4.5 feet at shoulder height. Once fully grown, a bull elk averages 5 feet tall at the shoulders and can weigh between 7 pounds. Adult male elk, referred to as bulls, attain their largest size at 7 years old. Niimiipuutímt: wewukiye (weh-WOOK-yeh) (male)Įlk are the second largest members of the deer family.Niimiipuutímt: tasiipx (tas-EEK-pahk) (female). ![]() |
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